Cách Sử Dụng “Indirect Speech”

Trong bài viết này, chúng ta sẽ khám phá cụm từ “indirect speech” – một thuật ngữ ngữ pháp quan trọng, nghĩa là “câu tường thuật/lời nói gián tiếp”. Bài viết cung cấp 20 ví dụ sử dụng chính xác về ngữ pháp và có nghĩa, cùng hướng dẫn chi tiết về ý nghĩa, cách dùng, bảng biến đổi từ vựng, và các lưu ý quan trọng.

Phần 1: Hướng dẫn sử dụng “indirect speech” và các lưu ý

1. Ý nghĩa cơ bản của “indirect speech”

“Indirect speech” có vai trò chính:

• Danh từ: Lời nói gián tiếp (cách thuật lại lời nói của người khác mà không dùng chính xác những từ họ đã nói).

Dạng liên quan: “direct speech” (danh từ – lời nói trực tiếp).

Ví dụ:

• Direct Speech: He said, “I am tired.” (Anh ấy nói, “Tôi mệt.”)
• Indirect Speech: He said that he was tired. (Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy mệt.)

2. Cách sử dụng “indirect speech”

a. Cấu trúc cơ bản

1. Subject + said/told + (that) + clause
   Ví dụ: She said that she was going to the store. (Cô ấy nói rằng cô ấy đang đi đến cửa hàng.)
2. Subject + asked + (if/whether) + clause (đối với câu hỏi Yes/No)
   Ví dụ: He asked if I was coming. (Anh ấy hỏi liệu tôi có đến không.)
3. Subject + asked + question word (who/what/where/when/why/how) + clause (đối với câu hỏi Wh-)
   Ví dụ: She asked where I lived. (Cô ấy hỏi tôi sống ở đâu.)

b. Thay đổi thì của động từ

1. Present Simple -> Past Simple
   Ví dụ: Direct: He said, “I am happy.” Indirect: He said that he was happy.
2. Present Continuous -> Past Continuous
   Ví dụ: Direct: She said, “I am eating.” Indirect: She said that she was eating.
3. Past Simple -> Past Perfect
   Ví dụ: Direct: He said, “I went to the park.” Indirect: He said that he had gone to the park.
4. Present Perfect -> Past Perfect
   Ví dụ: Direct: She said, “I have finished.” Indirect: She said that she had finished.
5. Future (will) -> Conditional (would)
   Ví dụ: Direct: He said, “I will go.” Indirect: He said that he would go.

c. Thay đổi đại từ và trạng từ

Từ trực tiếp	Từ gián tiếp	Ví dụ
I	He/She	Direct: “I am happy,” he said. Indirect: He said he was happy.
We	They	Direct: “We are happy,” they said. Indirect: They said they were happy.
You	I/He/She/They	Direct: “You are happy,” he said to me. Indirect: He told me I was happy.
This	That	Direct: “I like this,” she said. Indirect: She said she liked that.
Here	There	Direct: “I am here,” he said. Indirect: He said he was there.
Now	Then	Direct: “I am busy now,” she said. Indirect: She said she was busy then.
Today	That day	Direct: “I’m going today,” he said. Indirect: He said he was going that day.
Tomorrow	The next day / The following day	Direct: “I’ll go tomorrow,” she said. Indirect: She said she’d go the next day.
Yesterday	The day before / The previous day	Direct: “I went yesterday,” he said. Indirect: He said he’d gone the day before.

3. Một số lưu ý quan trọng

• “That” là tùy chọn: Thường bỏ qua “that” trong câu trần thuật.
  Ví dụ: He said he was tired. (Anh ấy nói anh ấy mệt.)
• Thay đổi thì không bắt buộc: Nếu sự thật vẫn đúng ở thời điểm nói lại, có thể giữ nguyên thì.
  Ví dụ: He said that the Earth is round. (Anh ấy nói rằng Trái Đất hình tròn.)
• Câu mệnh lệnh: Dùng “tell” + someone + “to” + verb.
  Ví dụ: He told me to be quiet. (Anh ấy bảo tôi im lặng.)

4. Lưu ý khi sử dụng “indirect speech”

a. Ngữ cảnh phù hợp

• Trang trọng: Thường dùng trong văn viết, báo cáo, tường thuật.
  Ví dụ: The report stated that the company had made a profit. (Báo cáo nói rằng công ty đã có lợi nhuận.)
• Không chính thức: Trong giao tiếp hàng ngày, có thể dùng trực tiếp hơn.
  Ví dụ: He said he’s coming. (Anh ấy nói anh ấy đang đến.)

b. Phân biệt với “direct speech”

• “Direct speech”: Dùng dấu ngoặc kép để trích dẫn chính xác lời nói.
  Ví dụ: He said, “I am going to the store.”
• “Indirect speech”: Thuật lại lời nói bằng cách thay đổi cấu trúc và thì.
  Ví dụ: He said that he was going to the store.

c. Sử dụng “say,” “tell,” và “ask”

• “Say”: Dùng khi không nói rõ người nghe.
  Ví dụ: He said that he was busy.
• “Tell”: Dùng khi nói rõ người nghe (tell someone).
  Ví dụ: He told me that he was busy.
• “Ask”: Dùng trong câu hỏi.
  Ví dụ: He asked me if I was busy.

5. Những lỗi cần tránh

1. Không thay đổi thì:
   – Sai: *He said that he is happy.*
   – Đúng: He said that he was happy.
2. Không thay đổi đại từ:
   – Sai: *She said that I was tired.*
   – Đúng: She said that she was tired.
3. Không dùng “to” trong câu mệnh lệnh:
   – Sai: *He told me be quiet.*
   – Đúng: He told me to be quiet.

6. Mẹo để ghi nhớ và sử dụng hiệu quả

• Luyện tập: Chuyển đổi giữa câu trực tiếp và gián tiếp.
• Chú ý thì: Ghi nhớ quy tắc thay đổi thì.
• Đọc nhiều: Quan sát cách sử dụng “indirect speech” trong văn bản.

Phần 2: Ví dụ sử dụng “indirect speech” và các dạng liên quan

Ví dụ minh họa

1. Direct: She said, “I like ice cream.” Indirect: She said that she liked ice cream. (Cô ấy nói rằng cô ấy thích kem.)
2. Direct: He said, “I am going to the park.” Indirect: He said that he was going to the park. (Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy đang đi đến công viên.)
3. Direct: They said, “We are tired.” Indirect: They said that they were tired. (Họ nói rằng họ mệt.)
4. Direct: She asked, “Are you coming?” Indirect: She asked if I was coming. (Cô ấy hỏi liệu tôi có đến không.)
5. Direct: He asked, “Where do you live?” Indirect: He asked where I lived. (Anh ấy hỏi tôi sống ở đâu.)
6. Direct: The teacher said, “The exam is easy.” Indirect: The teacher said that the exam was easy. (Giáo viên nói rằng bài kiểm tra dễ.)
7. Direct: She told me, “Be quiet.” Indirect: She told me to be quiet. (Cô ấy bảo tôi im lặng.)
8. Direct: He said, “I will call you.” Indirect: He said that he would call me. (Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy sẽ gọi cho tôi.)
9. Direct: They said, “We have finished the work.” Indirect: They said that they had finished the work. (Họ nói rằng họ đã hoàn thành công việc.)
10. Direct: She asked, “What are you doing?” Indirect: She asked what I was doing. (Cô ấy hỏi tôi đang làm gì.)
11. Direct: He said, “I saw her yesterday.” Indirect: He said that he had seen her the day before. (Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy đã gặp cô ấy ngày hôm qua.)
12. Direct: She said, “I can help you.” Indirect: She said that she could help me. (Cô ấy nói rằng cô ấy có thể giúp tôi.)
13. Direct: He said, “I will be there tomorrow.” Indirect: He said that he would be there the next day. (Anh ấy nói rằng anh ấy sẽ ở đó vào ngày mai.)
14. Direct: They said, “We are going on vacation next week.” Indirect: They said that they were going on vacation the following week. (Họ nói rằng họ sẽ đi nghỉ vào tuần tới.)
15. Direct: She asked, “Why are you late?” Indirect: She asked why I was late. (Cô ấy hỏi tại sao tôi đến muộn.)
16. Direct: He told her, “Don’t worry.” Indirect: He told her not to worry. (Anh ấy bảo cô ấy đừng lo lắng.)
17. Direct: They said, “We have been waiting for hours.” Indirect: They said that they had been waiting for hours. (Họ nói rằng họ đã đợi hàng giờ.)
18. Direct: She said, “I am not feeling well today.” Indirect: She said that she was not feeling well that day. (Cô ấy nói rằng cô ấy không khỏe vào ngày hôm nay.)
19. Direct: He asked, “How are you?” Indirect: He asked how I was. (Anh ấy hỏi tôi khỏe không.)
20. Direct: They said, “We will finish it soon.” Indirect: They said that they would finish it soon. (Họ nói rằng họ sẽ hoàn thành nó sớm.)